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699. Grieve, M. (1931). A Modern Herbal, “Burdock.”

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705. Grieve, M. (1931). A Modern Herbal, “Coltsfoot.”

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722. Grieve, M. (1931). A Modern Herbal, “Jalap.”

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1253. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 24.84, trans. J. Bostock & H. T. Riley (1855), Perseus Digital Library.

1254. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.106, trans. J. Bostock & H. T. Riley (1855), Perseus Digital Library.

1255. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.27, 26.58, 26.64, 26.67, 26.85, trans. J. Bostock & H. T. Riley (1855), Perseus Digital Library.

1256. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.29, trans. J. Bostock & H. T. Riley (1855), Perseus Digital Library.

1257. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.3, trans. J. Bostock & H. T. Riley (1855), Perseus Digital Library.

1258. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.30–31, 25.55, trans. J. Bostock & H. T. Riley (1855), Perseus Digital Library.

1259. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.41, trans. J. Bostock & H. T. Riley (1855), Perseus Digital Library.

1260. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 25.50, trans. J. Bostock & H. T. Riley (1855), Perseus Digital Library.

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1665. Wikipedia contributors. “Laudanum.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudanum (read 2 October 2026).

1666. Wikipedia contributors. “Lysergic acid diethylamide.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid_diethylamide (read 2 October 2026).

1667. Wikipedia contributors. “Lysergic acid.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysergic_acid (read 2 October 2026).

1668. Wikipedia contributors. “Marasmius oreades.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marasmius_oreades (read 2 October 2026).

1669. Wikipedia contributors. “Mithridatism.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithridatism (read 2 October 2026).

1670. Wikipedia contributors. “Monomethylhydrazine.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monomethylhydrazine (read 2 October 2026).

1671. Wikipedia contributors. “Muscimol.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscimol (read 2 October 2026).

1672. Wikipedia contributors. “Muscone.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscone (read 2 October 2026).

1673. Wikipedia contributors. “Omphalotus illudens.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_illudens (read 2 October 2026).

1674. Wikipedia contributors. “Omphalotus olearius.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphalotus_olearius (read 2 October 2026).

1675. Wikipedia contributors. “Orellanine.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orellanine (read 2 October 2026).

1676. Wikipedia contributors. “Paregoric.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paregoric (read 2 October 2026).

1677. Wikipedia contributors. “Pomander.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomander (read 2 October 2026).

1678. Wikipedia contributors. “T-2 mycotoxin.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-2_mycotoxin (read 2 October 2026).

1679. Wikipedia contributors. “Tricholoma equestre.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre (read 2 October 2026).

1680. Wikipedia contributors. “Turtle (submersible).” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(submersible) (read 2 October 2026).

1681. Wikipedia contributors. “Vomitoxin.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vomitoxin (read 2 October 2026).

1682. Wikipedia contributors. “Wolfiporia cocos.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfiporia_cocos (read 2 October 2026).

1683. Wikipedia, “Alchermes,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1684. Wikipedia, “Alchermes.”

1685. Wikipedia, “Allium ursinum.”

1686. Wikipedia, “Amanita bisporigera,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1687. Wikipedia, “Amanita caesarea,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1688. Wikipedia, “Amanita phalloides,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1689. Wikipedia, “Amanita virosa,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1690. Wikipedia, “Ambergris,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1691. Wikipedia, “Angelica archangelica,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1692. Wikipedia, “Angiostrongylus cantonensis.”

1693. Wikipedia, “Apotropaic magic.”

1694. Wikipedia, “Aqua regia,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1695. Wikipedia, “Atropine,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1696. Wikipedia, “Auranofin,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1697. Wikipedia, “Beeswax.”

1698. Wikipedia, “Beta-glucan,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1699. Wikipedia, “Bufotoxin.”

1700. Wikipedia, “Calcium carbonate,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1701. Wikipedia, “Candlepower.”

1702. Wikipedia, “Cannabis and religion.”

1703. Wikipedia, “Cantharellus cibarius,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1704. Wikipedia, “Captopril.”

1705. Wikipedia, “Celtic sacred trees.”

1706. Wikipedia, “Cetyl palmitate.”

1707. Wikipedia, “Ciclosporin,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1708. Wikipedia, “Citrullus colocynthis,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1709. Wikipedia, “Civetone” (read 2 October 2026), en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civetone.

1710. Wikipedia, “Cochineal.”

1711. Wikipedia, “Cold cream.”

1712. Wikipedia, “Colorado River toad.”

1713. Wikipedia, “Coprine,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1714. Wikipedia, “Coprinopsis atramentaria,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1715. Wikipedia, “Corn smut,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1716. Wikipedia, “Destroying angel,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1717. Wikipedia, “Dimethyl fumarate,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1718. Wikipédia, “Eau de mélisse des Carmes Boyer,” fr.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1719. Wikipedia, “Evernia prunastri,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1720. Wikipedia, “Evernic acid,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1721. Wikipedia, “Familiar.”

1722. Wikipedia, “Fomitopsis betulina,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1723. Wikipedia, “Fortingall Yew.”

1724. Wikipedia, “Fraxinus ornus.”

1725. Wikipedia, “Fumaric acid,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1726. Wikipedia, “Galega officinalis.”

1727. Wikipedia, “Girolamo Fracastoro,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1728. Wikipedia, “Glechoma hederacea.”

1729. Wikipedia, “Hirudin.”

1730. Wikipedia, “Hirudo medicinalis.”

1731. Wikipedia, “Human fat.”

1732. Wikipedia, “Hyoscyamus niger.”

1733. Wikipedia, “Inosperma erubescens,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1734. Wikipedia, “Iron in folklore.”

1735. Wikipedia, “Isatis tinctoria.”

1736. Wikipedia, “Isinglass.”

1737. Wikipedia, “Jin Chan.”

1738. Wikipedia, “Kermes (dye),” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1739. Wikipedia, “Kermes (dye).”

1740. Wikipedia, “Kermesic acid.”

1741. Wikipedia, “Keyhole limpet hemocyanin.”

1742. Wikipedia, “Lemnian Earth,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1743. Wikipedia, “Lignum vitae.”

1744. Wikipedia, “Linaria vulgaris.”

1745. Wikipedia, “Louis Pasteur,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1746. Wikipedia, “Mad as a hatter.”

1747. Wikipedia, “Mead of poetry.”

1748. Wikipedia, “Medical cannibalism.”

1749. Wikipedia, “Medicinal clay,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1750. Wikipedia, “Milk of Hera.”

1751. Wikipedia, “Mugwort.”

1752. Wikipedia, “Mummia.”

1753. Wikipedia, “Muscarine,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1754. Wikipedia, “Muscone.”

1755. Wikipedia, “Musk,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1756. Wikipedia, “Musk.”

1757. Wikipedia, “Narwhal.”

1758. Wikipedia, “Nutmeg,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1759. Wikipedia, “Oak apple.”

1760. Wikipedia, “Ophioglossum vulgatum.”

1761. Wikipedia, “Opium,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1762. Wikipedia, “Orellanine,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1763. Wikipedia, “Ötzi,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1764. Wikipedia, “Paxillus involutus,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1765. Wikipedia, “Pearl powder.”

1766. Wikipedia, “Pearl,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1767. Wikipedia, “Pearl.”

1768. Wikipedia, “Plague doctor costume.”

1769. Wikipedia, “Potentilla erecta,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1770. Wikipedia, “Precious coral,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1771. Wikipedia, “Primula veris.”

1772. Wikipedia, “Purple of Cassius,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1773. Wikipedia, “Rubia tinctorum.”

1774. Wikipedia, “Saccharomyces cerevisiae,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1775. Wikipédia, “Scléroderme commun,” fr.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1776. Wikipedia, “Shamrock.”

1777. Wikipedia, “Snail slime.”

1778. Wikipedia, “Sodium aurothiomalate,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1779. Wikipedia, “Sperm whale.”

1780. Wikipedia, “Spermaceti.”

1781. Wikipedia, “Spilling salt.”

1782. Wikipedia, “Sub rosa.”

1783. Wikipedia, “Succisa pratensis.”

1784. Wikipedia, “Synthetic musk.”

1785. Wikipedia, “Tempest prognosticator.”

1786. Wikipedia, “Theriac.”

1787. Wikipedia, “Tolypocladium inflatum,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1788. Wikipedia, “Unicorn horn.”

1789. Wikipedia, “WHO Model List of Essential Medicines,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1790. Wikipedia, “Woodlouse.”

1791. Wikipedia, “Yeast,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1792. Wikipedia, “Zircon,” en.wikipedia.org (read 2 October 2026).

1793. Willer, J. C., Dehen, H., and Cambier, J. (1981). “Stress-induced analgesia in humans: endogenous opioids and naloxone-reversible depression of pain reflexes.” Science 212.

1794. Winkler, D. (2008). Yartsa gunbu and the fungal commodification of Tibet’s rural economy. Economic Botany 62: 291–305.

1795. Winston-Allen, A. (1997). Stories of the Rose: The Making of the Rosary in the Middle Ages. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.

1796. Winter, G. D. (1962). “Formation of the scab and the rate of epithelization of superficial wounds in the skin of the young domestic pig.” Nature 193.

1797. Wisconsin Horticulture, “Solomon’s Seal, Polygonatum spp.”

1798. Withering, W. (1785). An Account of the Foxglove and Some of its Medical Uses.

1799. Withering, W. (1785). An Account of the Foxglove.

1800. Woelk, H., and Schläfke, S. (2010). “A multi-center, double-blind, randomised study of the lavender oil preparation Silexan in comparison to lorazepam for generalized anxiety disorder.” Phytomedicine 17.

1801. The Women’s Petition Against Coffee (1674).

1802. Woodville, W. (1790–1794). Medical Botany: Styrax officinale, Officinal Storax. Transcribed at Henriette’s Herbal Homepage, henriettes-herb.com.

1803. Woolum, J. A., Akpunonu, P., Johnson, M., & Webb, A. N. (2022). Human exposures to Phytolacca americana in Kentucky. Toxicon. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106962

1804. Wordsworth, W. (1807). “Resolution and Independence.”

1805. World Health Organization, Model List of Essential Medicines.

1806. World History Encyclopedia, on cochineal.

1807. World Wide Words, “Urtication.”

1808. Wu, G. A., et al. (2018). Genomics of the origin and evolution of Citrus. Nature 554: 311–316. doi:10.1038/nature25447

1809. Wuttke, W., et al. (2003). “Chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus): pharmacology and clinical indications.” Phytomedicine 10.

1810. Xu, H., et al. (2025). Description of a fatal case of acute Phytolacca americana poisoning due to leaf ingestion in China. Toxicon. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2025.108476

1811. Xygalatas, D., et al. (2013). “Extreme rituals promote prosociality.” Psychological Science 24.

1812. Yan, Z., et al. (2026). Muscone promotes PINK1/Parkin-associated mitophagy to suppress NLRP3 inflammasome activation: implications for endotoxemia therapy. Pharmaceuticals.

1813. Yu, G., et al. (2020). “Effectiveness of Boswellia and Boswellia extract for osteoarthritis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.” BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 20.

1814. Yuan, C. S., et al. (2004). Brief communication: American ginseng reduces warfarin’s effect in healthy patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 141: 23–27. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-141-1-200407060-00011

1815. Zakay-Rones, Z., et al. (2004). “Randomized study of the efficacy and safety of oral elderberry extract in the treatment of influenza.” Journal of International Medical Research 32.

1816. Zammit-Maempel, G. (1975). Fossil sharks’ teeth: a medieval safeguard against poisoning. Melita Historica 6(4): 391–410.

1817. Zammit-Maempel, G. (1978). Handbills extolling the virtues of fossil sharks’ teeth. Melita Historica 7(3): 211–224.

1818. Zangooei Pourfard, M., et al. (2021). “Efficacy and tolerability of hydroalcoholic extract of Paeonia officinalis in children with intractable epilepsy: an open-label pilot study.” Epilepsy Research 176.

1819. Zangooei Pourfard, M., et al. (2021). Efficacy and tolerability of hydroalcoholic extract of Paeonia officinalis in children with intractable epilepsy: an open-label pilot study. Epilepsy Research 176: 106735. doi:10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106735

1820. Zanoli, P., and Zavatti, M. (2008). “Pharmacognostic and pharmacological profile of Humulus lupulus L.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116.

1821. “Zante currant.” Wikipedia (read 2 October 2026).

1822. Zare, R., et al. (2014). “Effect of cumin powder on body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese women.” Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 20.

1823. Zhang, J., et al. (2025). Cantharidin: a double-edged sword in medicine and toxicology. Frontiers in Pharmacology 16: 1644186.

1824. Zhao, P., et al. (2018). “The genus Polygonatum: a review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology 214.

1825. Zhao, Y., et al. (2026). Successful treatment of acute oral copper sulfate poisoning: a case report. Frontiers in Pharmacology 17: 1879318.

1826. Zheng, C., et al. (2025). Volatile compounds in musk and their anti-stroke mechanisms. Metabolites 15: 181.

1827. Zhou, Q., Jiang, L., Su, T., Liu, G., & Yang, L. (2023). Overview of aristolochic acid nephropathy: an update. Kidney Research and Clinical Practice 42(5): 579–590. doi:10.23876/j.krcp.22.211

1828. Zhou, Z., et al. (2026). Acute developmental toxicity and cardiotoxicity of Physalis alkekengi L. fruit and calyx extracts based on zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 364: 121534. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2026.121534

1829. Zimmermann, M. B. (2008). “Research on iodine deficiency and goiter in the 19th and early 20th centuries.” Journal of Nutrition 138.

1830. Zohalinezhad, M. E., et al. (2015). “Effects of quince syrup on clinical symptoms of children with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease: a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial.” Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice 21.

1831. Zosimus, New History V.

1832. Zou, D., et al. (2022). Bufadienolides originated from toad source and their anti-inflammatory activity. Frontiers in Pharmacology 13.

1833. Zwirchmayr, J., Grienke, U., Hummelbrunner, S., Seigner, J., de Martin, R., Dirsch, V. M., & Rollinger, J. M. (2020). A biochemometric approach for the identification of in vitro anti-inflammatory constituents in masterwort. Biomolecules 10(5): 679. doi:10.3390/biom10050679

The numbered sources of the Canale glossary are also listed on the Sources page.