Materia Medica

Sources

The numbered sources of the Canale glossary, to which its entries refer. Entries beyond the glossary name their own sources.

  1. Abiri, R., et al. (2018). Towards a better understanding of Artemisia vulgaris: botany, phytochemistry, pharmacological and biotechnological potential. Food Research International 109: 403–415. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.072 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2018.03.072
  2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxFAQs for Sulfur Dioxide. wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP. Book, seen in reviews
  3. Ahnfelt, N.-O., Fors, H., & Wendin, K. (2022). Making and taking theriac: an experimental and sensory approach to the history of medicine. BJHS Themes 7: 39–62. doi:10.1017/bjt.2022.6 Verified against its record · doi:10.1017/bjt.2022.6
  4. Aliboudhar, H., Tigrine-Kordjani, N., & Lakache, Z. (2022). Identification and evaluation of free radical scavenging activity of quinolizidine alkaloids isolated from various parts of Anagyris foetida plant. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal 56: 966–973. doi:10.1007/s11094-022-02734-8 Verified against its record · doi:10.1007/s11094-022-02734-8
  5. Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologiae II-II, q. 96, a. 4. Trans. Fathers of the English Dominican Province, 2nd rev. ed. (1920). newadvent.org. Book, seen in reviews
  6. Attaluri, A., Donahoe, R., Valestin, J., Brown, K., & Rao, S. S. (2011). Randomised clinical trial: dried plums (prunes) vs. psyllium for constipation. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 33(7): 822–828. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04594.x Abstract read · the text read
  7. Awada, F., Hamade, K., Kassir, M., Hammoud, Z., Mesnard, F., Rammal, H., & Fliniaux, O. (2023). Laurus nobilis leaves and fruits: a review of metabolite composition and interest in human health. Applied Sciences 13(7): 4606. doi:10.3390/app13074606 Verified against its record · doi:10.3390/app13074606
  8. Bailey, C. J. (2017). Metformin: historical overview. Diabetologia 60(9): 1566–1576. doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4318-z Verified against its record · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4318-z
  9. Bennett, P. I., Bair, Z. J., Bradshaw, A. J., & Stamets, P. (2026). Genomic characterization of the endangered medicinal polypore agarikon (Laricifomes officinalis syn. Fomitopsis officinalis). G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics, advance article jkag237. doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkag237 Abstract read · the text read
  10. van den Berg, W. S. (ed.) (1917). Antidotarium Nicolaï. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Read in part · the text read
  11. Blanco-Salas, J., Vázquez, F. M., Hortigón-Vinagre, M. P., & Ruiz-Téllez, T. (2019). Bioactive phytochemicals from Mercurialis spp. used in traditional Spanish medicine. Plants 8(7): 193. doi:10.3390/plants8070193 Read in full · the text read
  12. Boutora, Y., Boussekine, S., Benslama, O., et al. (2026). Bioactive potential and COX-2 interaction of Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. hydroalcoholic extract. Molecules 31(3): 496. doi:10.3390/molecules31030496 Verified against its record · doi:10.3390/molecules31030496
  13. Bouyahya, A., El Omari, N., Elmenyiy, N., Guaouguaou, F.-E., Balahbib, A., El-Shazly, M., & Chamkhi, I. (2020). Ethnomedicinal use, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 258: 112875. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112875 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.112875
  14. Bozorgi, M., Amin, G., Shekarchi, M., & Rahimi, R. (2017). Traditional medical uses of Drimia species in terms of phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 37(1): 124–139. doi:10.1016/S0254-6272(17)30036-5 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30036-5
  15. Brajanovska, A., & Bauer, B. (2018). Helleborus sp.: an ethnopharmacological and toxicological review. Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 64(1): 3–9. doi:10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2018.64.01.001 Book, not indexed
  16. The British Pharmaceutical Codex (1911). London: Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Monographs as transcribed at Henriette’s Herbal Homepage, henriettes-herb.com. Read in full · the text read
  17. Buchanan, A. (2020). Plant of the Month: Peony. JSTOR Daily, 29 July 2020. Book, seen in reviews
  18. Calderoni, M., Altare, M., Mastracci, L., Grillo, F., Cornara, L., & Pagano, A. (2021). Potential risks of plant constituents in dietary supplements: qualitative and quantitative analysis of Peganum harmala seeds. Molecules 26(5): 1368. doi:10.3390/molecules26051368 Verified against its record · doi:10.3390/molecules26051368
  19. Canton, M., et al. (2025). Chemical profiling of volatile and non-volatile fractions of galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua Boiss.) used in perfumery. Chemistry & Biodiversity 22(12): e01442. doi:10.1002/cbdv.202501442 Verified against its record · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202501442
  20. Catholic Culture. Catholic Activity: Blessed Palms in the Home. catholicculture.org. Book, not indexed
  21. Herbermann, C. G., et al. (eds.) (1907–1912). The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Online at newadvent.org. Articles: Agnus Dei (H. Thurston); Amulet (M. Hassett); Ash Wednesday (H. Thurston); Bells (H. Thurston); Holy Oils (H. Leclercq); Paschal Candle (H. Thurston); Scapular (J. Hilgers). Read in part · the text read
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ricin. Chemical Emergencies: Chemical Fact Sheets. cdc.gov. Book, not indexed
  23. Chabra, A., Monadi, T., Azadbakht, M., & Haerizadeh, S. I. (2019). Ethnopharmacology of Cuscuta epithymum: a comprehensive review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 231: 555–569. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.016 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.016
  24. Code of Canon Law (1983), cann. 998–999 and 1166. vatican.va. Book, seen in reviews
  25. U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, 21 CFR 189.110: Calamus and its derivatives. ecfr.gov. Book, seen in reviews
  26. Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (2007). Final report on the safety assessment of Ricinus communis (castor) seed oil, hydrogenated castor oil [and related ingredients]. International Journal of Toxicology 26(Suppl. 3): 31–77. Book, seen in reviews
  27. Cox, N., & Dannehl, K. (2007). Dictionary of Traded Goods and Commodities 1550–1820. University of Wolverhampton; British History Online. Entries: Hiera cum agarico; Lapis armenus. Read in part · the text read
  28. Culpeper, N. (1653). Pharmacopœia Londinensis, or, The London Dispensatory [the Royal College of Physicians’ pharmacopoeia in English, with Culpeper’s commentary]. London: Peter Cole. Text Creation Partnership edition A35381. Read in part · the text read
  29. DailyMed, U.S. National Library of Medicine. Compound Benzoin Tincture (Medical Chemical Corporation), label updated 1 July 2026. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Verified against its record · doi:10.1057/978-1-349-96157-3_5219
  30. Dar, P. A., Sofi, G., & Jafri, M. A. (2012). Polypodium vulgare Linn.: a versatile herbal medicine: a review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 3(6): 1616–1620. doi:10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(6).1616-20 Read in full · the text read
  31. Deprez, P., Sustronck, B., Muylle, E., Mijten, P., & vande Vyver, B. (1996). Two cases of Mercurialis annua poisoning in cattle. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 65(2): 92–96. Book, seen in reviews
  32. Dock, L. L. Text-Book of Materia Medica for Nurses, chapter “Emetics.” Online at chestofbooks.com. Verified against its record · doi:10.1097/00000446-191602000-00018
  33. Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Borage. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; updated 15 February 2021. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501790. Book, seen in reviews
  34. Duncan, H. Aloes. In J. Hastings (ed.), Hastings’ Dictionary of the New Testament. Online at studylight.org. Book, not indexed
  35. EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (2016). Scientific opinion on the re-evaluation of gold (E 175) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 14(1): 4362. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4362 Standard reference work
  36. Elisa (2024). I seni e il pane di Sant’Agata: a Castelvecchio come da tradizione. ilGerme, 2 February 2024. Book, not indexed
  37. Elkhateeb, W. A., Daba, G. M., Elnahas, M. O., & Thomas, P. W. (2019). Fomitopsis officinalis mushroom: ancient gold mine of functional components and biological activities for modern medicine. Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal 18(4): 285–289. doi:10.4103/epj.epj_46_19 Verified against its record · doi:10.4103/epj.epj_46_19
  38. Encyclopaedia Britannica, online edition, britannica.com. Articles: Ambergris; Aristolochiaceae; Asafetida; Azurite; Castor-oil plant; Civet; Dragon’s blood; Garden cress; Jet; Kermes; Laudanum; Lye; Monemvasía; Musk; Precious coral; Saltpetre; Sulfur dioxide; Tartar emetic; Tropaeolum. Book, seen in reviews
  39. Erzbistum München und Freising (2026). Gottesdienste und Kräutersegnungen zu Mariä Himmelfahrt (press release), 7 August 2026. Book, seen in reviews
  40. ESCOP (2021). Angelicae radix (angelica root). ESCOP Monographs. European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy. escop.com. Verified against its record · doi:10.1007/s11418-020-01438-1
  41. European Medicines Agency, Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Herbal monographs, assessment reports and public statements, ema.europa.eu, cited under the herb concerned: aniseed (summary, EMA/305345/2016); Aristolochia (public statement, EMEA/HMPC/138381/2005); asarone (public statement, EMEA/HMPC/139215/2005); caraway (EMA/HMPC/715092/2013); centaury (EMA/HMPC/277493/2015); chicory root (assessment report, EMA/HMPC/113041/2010); cinnamon (EMA/HMPC/246774/2009); clove (assessment report, EMA/HMPC/534946/2010); ethanol in herbal products (reflection paper, EMA/HMPC/85114/2008); fennel (EMEA/HMPC/372839/2016, Rev. 1, 2024); fumitory (draft assessment report, EMA/HMPC/367013/2021); greater celandine (public statement, EMA/HMPC/743927/2010); hops (EMA/HMPC/682384/2013); horehound (EMA/HMPC/604271/2012); mallow (assessment report, EMA/HMPC/749518/2016); marshmallow root (Althaeae radix); melissa (summary, EMA/HMPC/310761/2013); myrrh (assessment report and monograph, EMA/HMPC/96910/2010 and 96911/2010); peppermint oil (assessment report, EMEA/HMPC/349465/2006); pyrrolizidine alkaloids (public statement, EMA/HMPC/893108/2011); rhubarb (EMA/HMPC/113700/2019); sage (Salviae officinalis folium); wormwood (EMA/HMPC/751490/2016). Read in full · the text read
  42. Feedipedia (animal feed resources information system). Moringa (Moringa oleifera). feedipedia.org. Book, not indexed
  43. Felter, H. W., & Lloyd, J. U. (1898). King’s American Dispensatory. Monographs as transcribed at Henriette’s Herbal Homepage, henriettes-herb.com, cited under the drug concerned. Read in full · the text read
  44. Florian, Ks. [Fr.]. Gromnica: świeca nieco zapomniana. Niedziela.pl. Book, not indexed
  45. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2002). Status of certain additional over-the-counter drug category II and III active ingredients: final rule. Federal Register 67: 31125–31127, 9 May 2002. Read in full · the text read
  46. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2020). Import Alert 54-10: Detention without physical examination of bulk/finished dietary supplement products containing aristolochic acid. Book, not indexed
  47. Frazão, D. F., et al. (2022). Labdanum resin from Cistus ladanifer L.: a natural and sustainable ingredient for skin care cosmetics with relevant cosmeceutical bioactivities. Plants 11(11): 1477. doi:10.3390/plants11111477 Verified against its record · doi:10.3390/plants11111477
  48. Gemological Institute of America. Pearl. gia.edu. Book, not indexed
  49. Georgiev, Y. N., Ognyanov, M. H., & Denev, P. N. (2023). Phytochemical composition and therapeutic potential of Bistorta major Gray: a review. In S. Sotirov et al. (eds.), Recent Contributions to Bioinformatics and Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 658: 167–191. Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31069-0_17 Verified against its record · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31069-0_17
  50. German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) (2012). FAQ on coumarin in cinnamon and other foods. Updated 27 September 2012. bfr.bund.de. Book, seen in reviews
  51. Ghazizadeh, J., Sadigh-Eteghad, S., Marx, W., et al. (2021). The effects of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) on depression and anxiety in clinical trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytotherapy Research 35(12): 6690–6705. doi:10.1002/ptr.7252 Verified against its record · doi:10.1002/ptr.7252
  52. Gopalakrishnan, L., Doriya, K., & Kumar, D. S. (2016). Moringa oleifera: a review on nutritive importance and its medicinal application. Food Science and Human Wellness 5(2): 49–56. doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.fshw.2016.04.001
  53. Grasska, D. (2026). Unpacking faith: gifts of Epiphany. The Southern Cross, 1 January 2026. Book, not indexed
  54. Grieve, M. (1931). A Modern Herbal. Online edition, botanical.com, cited under the plant concerned. Read in part · the text read
  55. Guerriaud, M. (2026). L’antimoine : un remède anticlérical ? VIDAL, 17 February 2026. vidal.fr. Book, not indexed
  56. Gupta, A. K., & Nicol, K. (2004). The use of sulfur in dermatology. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 3(4): 427. Verified against its record · PMID 15303787
  57. Gupta, D., Bleakley, B., & Gupta, R. K. (2008). Dragon’s blood: botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 115(3): 361–380. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.018 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.10.018
  58. Hamidpour, R., Hamidpour, S., Hamidpour, M., & Shahlari, M. (2013). Frankincense (Rǔ Xiāng; Boswellia species): from the selection of traditional applications to the novel phytotherapy for the prevention and treatment of serious diseases. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 3(4): 221–226. doi:10.4103/2225-4110.119723 Verified against its record · doi:10.4103/2225-4110.119723
  59. Hao, Y., Li, J., & Shi, L. (2021). A carvacrol-rich essential oil extracted from oregano (Origanum vulgare ‘Hot & Spicy’) exerts potent antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus. Frontiers in Microbiology 12: 741861. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.741861 Verified against its record · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.741861
  60. Heatherington, K., & OSV News (2026). “Remember you are dust”: why people fill the pew on Ash Wednesday. National Catholic Reporter, 18 February 2026. Book, seen in reviews
  61. Homes, V. (1999). On the Scent: Conserving Musk Deer. The Uses of Musk and Europe’s Role in its Trade. Brussels: TRAFFIC Europe. Book, seen in reviews
  62. Hudson, B. (2017). Theriac: an ancient brand? Wellcome Collection, 18 October 2017. wellcomecollection.org. Read in full · the text read
  63. Hussey, K. (2018). “May God protect us from such drugs and physicians!”: a 17th century antimony cup. Royal College of Physicians Museum blog, 27 July 2018. Book, not indexed
  64. Innocenti, G., Dall’Acqua, S., Viola, G., & Loi, M. C. (2006). Cytotoxic constituents from Anagyris foetida leaves. Fitoterapia 77(7–8): 595–597. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2006.06.012 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2006.06.012
  65. International Agency for Research on Cancer (2002). Aristolochia species and aristolochic acids. IARC Monographs 82, Summary and Evaluation. inchem.org. Standard reference work
  66. Ismail, J., Shebaby, W. N., Daher, J., Boulos, J. C., Taleb, R., Daher, C. F., & Mroueh, M. (2024). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of wild carrot (Daucus carota). Encyclopedia MDPI, entry 56267, based on Plants 13(1): 93. doi:10.3390/plants13010093 Verified against its record · doi:10.3390/plants13010093
  67. Jan, S., Khaliq, T., Sultan, P., Hassan, Q. P., Gupta, S., & Ahmed, Z. (2026). Salvia sclarea: a comprehensive review of its pharmacology, phytochemistry, ethnobotany and traditional uses. Current Plant Biology 47: 100604. doi:10.1016/j.cpb.2026.100604 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.cpb.2026.100604
  68. Jaradat, N. (2020). Phytochemistry, traditional uses and biological effects of the desert plant Styrax officinalis L. Journal of Arid Environments 182: 104253. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104253 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104253
  69. Jocks, I. T. (2020). Scribonius Largus’ Compounding of Drugs (Compositiones medicamentorum): Introduction, Translation, and Medico-historical Comments, vol. II. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow. Read in part · the text read
  70. Knight, M. (2023). Palm Sunday: history and symbolism of sacramental palms. Florida Catholic / Archdiocese of Miami, 27 March 2023. Book, not indexed
  71. Kosiarski, P. (2022). Gromnica. Świeca od zadań specjalnych. Deon.pl, 1 February 2022. Book, not indexed
  72. Kujawska, M., & Svanberg, I. (2019). From medicinal plant to noxious weed: Bryonia alba L. (Cucurbitaceae) in northern and eastern Europe. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 15: 22. doi:10.1186/s13002-019-0303-6 Verified against its record · doi:10.1186/s13002-019-0303-6
  73. Kulinarisches Erbe der Schweiz / Patrimoine culinaire suisse. Agathabrot. patrimoineculinaire.ch. Book, not indexed
  74. Kumar, R., et al. (2024). Ferula assa-foetida L., an important Central and South Asian traditional spice and medicinal herb: a comprehensive review. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 41: 100548. doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100548 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2024.100548
  75. Kunc, N., Hudina, M., Mikulič-Petkovšek, M., Bavcon, J., Ravnjak, B., & Osterc, G. (2023). Detailed metabolic characterization of flowers and hips of Rosa gallica L. grown in open nature. Plants 12(16): 2979. doi:10.3390/plants12162979 Verified against its record · doi:10.3390/plants12162979
  76. Larkin, D. The Medieval Garden Enclosed (blog), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters: Herb Paris (23 June 2010); Salvia, Save Us (7 September 2010); Beneficent Betony (24 June 2011). Book, seen in reviews
  77. Leemans, I. (2024). Civet. Encyclopedia of Smell History and Heritage (Odeuropa). Read in full · the text read
  78. Li, X.-L., Sun, Y.-P., Wang, M., Wang, Z.-B., & Kuang, H.-X. (2024). Alkaloids in Chelidonium majus L.: a review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Frontiers in Pharmacology 15: 1440979. doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1440979 Verified against its record · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1440979
  79. Liturgy Office of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales. Book of Blessings (resource sheet). liturgyoffice.org.uk. Book, not indexed
  80. LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Entries: Germander (updated 12 March 2018); Pennyroyal Oil (updated 28 March 2020); Senna (updated 1 April 2020). Abstract read · the text read
  81. Luo, P., Feng, X., Liu, S., & Jiang, Y. (2024). Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Ruta graveolens L.: a critical review and future perspectives. Drug Design, Development and Therapy 18: 6459–6485. doi:10.2147/DDDT.S494417 Verified against its record · doi:10.2147/dddt.s494417
  82. Maieron, M. A. (2018). On the hellebore trail: an anthropological research into madness. Medicina Historica 2(1): 5–18. Book, not indexed
  83. Mayo Clinic. Coal tar (topical route): description. mayoclinic.org. Book, not indexed
  84. McNamara, E. (2010). Extraordinary Form; Book of Blessings. Liturgy Q&A, 2 and 16 November 2010. EWTN Library, ewtn.com. Verified against its record · doi:10.1159/000287797
  85. Mehmood, M. H., & Gilani, A. H. (2010). Pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of black pepper and piperine in gastrointestinal disorders. Journal of Medicinal Food 13(5): 1086–1096. doi:10.1089/jmf.2010.1065 Abstract read · the text read
  86. Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Integrative Medicine. Rhubarb. Last updated 8 November 2022. mskcc.org. Book, seen in reviews
  87. Michl, J., Bello, O., Kite, G. C., Simmonds, M. S. J., & Heinrich, M. (2017). Medicinally used Asarum species: high-resolution LC-MS analysis of aristolochic acid analogs and in vitro toxicity screening in HK-2 cells. Frontiers in Pharmacology 8: 215. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00215 Verified against its record · PMID 28588481
  88. Miroddi, M., Navarra, M., Quattropani, M. C., Calapai, F., Gangemi, S., & Calapai, G. (2014). Systematic review of clinical trials assessing pharmacological properties of Salvia species on memory, cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics 20(6): 485–495. doi:10.1111/cns.12270 Verified against its record · doi:10.1111/cns.12270
  89. Mosleh, G., Zaeri, M., Hemmati, S., & Mohagheghzadeh, A. (2023). A comprehensive review on rhubarb astringent/laxative actions and the role of aquaporins as hub genes. Phytochemistry Reviews 22: 565–586. doi:10.1007/s11101-022-09851-y Verified against its record · doi:10.1007/s11101-022-09851-y
  90. Mwangi, R. W., Macharia, J. M., Wagara, I. N., & Bence, R. L. (2021). The medicinal properties of Cassia fistula L.: a review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 144: 112240. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112240 Verified against its record · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112240
  91. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, NIH. Usefulness and Safety pages: Boswellia (April 2025); Chamomile (November 2024); St. John’s Wort (May 2025). nccih.nih.gov. Book, not indexed
  92. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Turpentine. cdc.gov/niosh. Book, seen in reviews
  93. Nongmaithem, B. D., Mouatt, P., Smith, J., Rudd, D., Russell, M., Sullivan, C., & Benkendorff, K. (2017). Volatile and bioactive compounds in opercula from Muricidae molluscs supports their use in ceremonial incense and traditional medicines. Scientific Reports 7: 17404. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17551-3 Verified against its record · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17551-3
  94. North Carolina State Extension. Artemisia abrotanum. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Book, not indexed
  95. Omidsalar, M. (1998). Esfand. Encyclopaedia Iranica VIII(6): 583–584. Book, seen in reviews
  96. Pantano, F., Mannocchi, G., Marinelli, E., Gentili, S., Graziano, S., Busardò, F. P., & di Luca, N. M. (2017). Hepatotoxicity induced by greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.): a review of the literature. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 21(1 Suppl.): 46–52. Book, seen in reviews
  97. Peterson, B., & Nguyen, H. (2023). St. John’s Wort. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; updated 16 May 2023. Book, seen in reviews
  98. Pliny the Elder. The Natural History. Trans. J. Bostock and H. T. Riley. London, 1855. Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. Cited by book and chapter. Primary text
  99. Pronczuk, J. (1989). Ruta graveolens L. Poisons Information Monograph PIM 475. International Programme on Chemical Safety. inchem.org. Book, seen in reviews
  100. Quan, N. V., Xuan, T. D., & Teschke, R. (2020). Potential hepatotoxins found in herbal medicinal products: a systematic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21(14): 5011. doi:10.3390/ijms21145011 Verified against its record · doi:10.3390/ijms21145011
  101. Quatrehomme, G., Bertrand, F., Chauvet, C., & Ollier, A. (1993). Intoxication from Veratrum album. Human & Experimental Toxicology 12(2): 111–115. doi:10.1177/096032719301200203 Verified against its record · doi:10.1177/096032719301200203
  102. Rakov, V. A., & Uman, M. A. (2003). Lightning: Physics and Effects. Cambridge University Press, ch. 1, p. 2. Verified against its record · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107340886
  103. Razack, S., Kandikattu, H. K., Venuprasad, M. P., Amruta, N., Khanum, F., Chuttani, K., & Mishra, A. K. (2018). Anxiolytic actions of Nardostachys jatamansi via GABA benzodiazepine channel complex mechanism and its biodistribution studies. Metabolic Brain Disease 33(5): 1533–1549. doi:10.1007/s11011-018-0261-z Verified against its record · doi:10.1007/s11011-018-0261-z
  104. Readal, M. (2021). Horehound: Herb of the Month. The Herb Society of America Blog, 6 September 2021. Book, not indexed
  105. religion.ORF.at (2026). Letztes katholisches Dogma: Mariä Himmelfahrt, 14 August 2026. Book, seen in reviews
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Each source carries the result of its check on October 1, 2026; see Verification.

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